African Humanism, often referred to as Ubuntu in Southern Africa, represents a unique philosophical perspective that emphasises the interconnectedness of all people and the importance of communal relationships. Rooted deeply in the cultural and social fabric of African societies, African Humanism centres on the idea that one’s humanity is affirmed and realised through relationships with others. The concept is encapsulated in the Zulu phrase “Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu,” which translates to “A person is a person through other persons.”
Development of African Humanism
When considering the concept of African Humanism, there is a common belief that it arose out of a set of values which were imposed upon people of this continent. However, the evolution of African Humanism can be traced back to the traditional societies of pre-colonial Africa. These societies were typically organised around communal living and shared responsibilities, with a strong emphasis on collective welfare and mutual support. African Humanism was not just a philosophical idea but a way of life, guiding social conduct, governance, and conflict resolution. This communal ethos was often reflected in oral traditions, proverbs, and community rituals.
During the colonial era, African Humanism faced significant challenges. Colonial rule imposed Western values and individualistic ideologies, which often clashed with the communal nature of African societies. However, the struggle for independence in the mid-20th century saw a resurgence of African Humanism.
Leaders such as Julius Nyerere of Tanzania and Nelson Mandela of South Africa drew on these values to advocate for social justice, equality, and national unity. Nyerere’s concept of Ujamaa (familyhood) and Mandela’s emphasis on reconciliation and collective responsibility are prime examples of how African Humanism influenced post-colonial governance.
Kenneth Kaunda chose what he called Zambian Humanism as the national ideology of the newly established state of Zambia. He saw it as was an attempt to rescue pre-colonial values and traditions and to use these as the basis on which to build the modern state.
African Humanism today
In contemporary times, African Humanism continues to evolve, addressing modern challenges such as urbanisation, globalisation, and technological advancement. It remains a vital framework for understanding social relations, promoting community development, and fostering a sense of shared identity and purpose.
Dr Leo Igwe, founder of the Nigerian Humanist Movement, says that Africans should move on from concepts that no longer serve us. He explains that cultures are dynamic and that our ideas should evolve.
African Human vs Western Humanism
The differences between African and Western Humanism are pronounced, primarily in their foundational philosophies. Western Humanism, which emerged during the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods, is largely rooted in prioritising the rights of the individual above the rights of the group. It emphasises personal autonomy, rationality, and the intrinsic worth of each person. Central to Western Humanism is the value of truth, with a strong insistence that claims be tested to ensure they deliver the promised wellbeing. This philosophy seeks to advance human welfare through individual rights, scientific progress, and secularism.
In contrast, African Humanism is inherently communal. It places the community at the heart of human existence, asserting that personal identity and fulfilment are inextricably linked to one’s relationships with others. While Western Humanism might prioritise individual achievement and self-realisation, African Humanism stresses collective responsibility, social harmony, and the well-being of the community as a whole.
Value of African Humanism
The value of Humanism in Africa is immense. It can foster social cohesion, mutual respect, and collective responsibility, which are crucial for addressing the continent’s socio-economic challenges. In a world increasingly marked by individualism and fragmentation, African Humanism offers a powerful reminder of the importance of community and shared humanity. It encourages a holistic approach to development, where the well-being of the community is as important as individual progress. By grounding development initiatives in the principles of African Humanism, African societies can build more inclusive, resilient, and sustainable futures.
Final thoughts
In conclusion, African Humanism presents a rich, communal-oriented philosophy that offers valuable insights into the nature of human relationships and societal organisation. Its evolution from traditional societies through colonial challenges to contemporary relevance highlights its resilience and adaptability. By understanding and appreciating the distinctions between African and Western Humanism, we can gain a more nuanced perspective on the diverse ways human societies conceptualise and strive for a good life.
The value of Humanism in Africa lies in its potential to foster unity, address social challenges, and promote a collective sense of purpose and identity.